A team of researchers from South China has made a significant discovery by identifying a fern that naturally forms tiny crystals containing rare earth elements (REEs). This finding, reported on November 13, 2025, in the journal Environmental Science & Technology, could revolutionize the way these vital minerals are extracted, promoting a more sustainable method known as phytomining.
Rare earth elements consist of a group of 17 metals essential for various modern technologies, including electric vehicle batteries, smartphones, and wind turbines. Despite their name, REEs are not abundant, typically found in low concentrations within the Earth’s crust. Traditional extraction methods often involve extensive mining operations that can lead to substantial environmental damage. As a result, researchers are increasingly seeking cleaner, plant-based alternatives for REE collection.
The researchers focused on the Blechnum orientale fern, known for its ability to thrive in soil rich in metals. This fern’s hyperaccumulating properties allow it to absorb high concentrations of metals through its roots. The study aimed to determine the chemical forms of REEs within the plant, a crucial factor for developing effective extraction techniques.
Uncovering Crystal Formation
Utilizing advanced imaging technologies and chemical analyses, the team discovered that this fern is capable of forming nanoscale crystals of the mineral monazite within its tissues. These crystals were primarily located in the cell walls and the spaces between cells. Monazite is a major source of rare earth elements found in geological deposits around the world.
The researchers noted that the crystals grow in a complex, self-organizing pattern, reminiscent of a microscopic “chemical garden.” This marks the first instance of scientists observing a living organism creating crystals of rare earth elements.
Implications for Sustainable Mining
While the concept of “gardening” for REEs may not be a practical reality just yet, this research bolsters the argument for phytomining as a viable alternative. The discovery of the fern’s ability to form these crystals strengthens the potential for plants to offer a more economical and environmentally friendly method for extracting essential minerals.
“Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized, plant-mediated pathway for critical mineral formation in a supergene environment,” the researchers stated. “This discovery not only sheds light on REE enrichment and sequestration during chemical and biological weathering but also opens new possibilities for the direct recovery of functional REE materials.”
As the demand for rare earth elements continues to rise, innovative approaches like this fern’s unique ability to form monazite highlight the importance of exploring sustainable mining alternatives. This research not only contributes to the field of environmental science but also offers hope for reducing the ecological footprint of mineral extraction.
This article reflects the collaborative efforts of scientists, including lead researcher Liuqing He, and underscores the significance of independent science journalism in highlighting groundbreaking discoveries.
